Java Interview Questions
1. What is the diffrence between an Abstract class and Interface ?
2. What is user defined exception ?
3. What do you know about the garbate collector ?
4. What is the difference between C++ & Java ?
5. Explain RMI Architecture?
6. How do you communicate in between Applets & Servlets ?
7. What is the use of Servlets ?
8. What is JDBC? How do you connect to the Database ?
9. In an HTML form I have a Button which makes us to open another page in 15 seconds. How will do you that ?
10. What is the difference between Process and Threads ?
11. What is the difference between RMI & Corba ?
12. What are the services in RMI ?
13. How will you initialize an Applet ?
14. What is the order of method invocation in an Applet ?
15. When is update method called ?
16. How will you pass values from HTML page to the Servlet ?
17. Have you ever used HashTable and Dictionary ?
18. How will you communicate between two Applets ?
19. What are statements in JAVA ?
20. What is JAR file ?
21. What is JNI ?
22. What is the base class for all swing components ?
23. What is JFC ?
24. What is Difference between AWT and Swing ?
25. Considering notepad/IE or any other thing as process, What will happen if you start notepad or IE 3 times? Where 3 processes are started or 3 threads are started ?
26. How does thread synchronization occurs inside a monitor ?
27. How will you call an Applet using a Java Script function ?
28. Is there any tag in HTML to upload and download files ?
29. Why do you Canvas ?
30. How can you push data from an Applet to Servlet ?
31. What are 4 drivers available in JDBC ?
32. How you can know about drivers and database information ?
33. If you are truncated using JDBC, How can you know ..that how much data is truncated ?
34. And What situation , each of the 4 drivers used ?
35. How will you perform transaction using JDBC ?
36. In RMI, server object first loaded into the memory and then the stub reference is sent to the client ? or whether a stub reference is directly sent to the client ?
37. Suppose server object is not loaded into the memory, and the client request for it , what will happen?
38. What is serialization ?
39. Can you load the server object dynamically? If so, what are the major 3 steps involved in it ?
40. What is difference RMI registry and OSAgent ?
41. To a server method, the client wants to send a value 20, with this value exceeds to 20,. a message should be sent to the client ? What will you do for achieving for this ?
42. What are the benefits of Swing over AWT ?
43. Where the CardLayout is used ?
44. What is the Layout for ToolBar ?
45. What is the difference between Grid and GridbagLayout ?
46. How will you add panel to a Frame ?
47. What is the corresponding Layout for Card in Swing ?
48. What is light weight component ?
49. Can you run the product development on all operating systems ?
50. What is the webserver used for running the Servlets ?
51. What is Servlet API used for conneting database ?
52. What is bean ? Where it can be used ?
53. What is difference in between Java Class and Bean ?
54. Can we send object using Sockets ?
55. What is the RMI and Socket ?
56. How to communicate 2 threads each other ?
57. What are the files generated after using IDL to Java Compilet ?
58. What is the protocol used by server and client ?
59. Can I modify an object in CORBA ?
60. What is the functionality stubs and skeletons ?
61. What is the mapping mechanism used by Java to identify IDL language ?
62. Diff between Application and Applet ?
63. What is serializable Interface ?
64. What is the difference between CGI and Servlet ?
65. What is the use of Interface ?
66. Why Java is not fully objective oriented ?
67. Why does not support multiple Inheritance ?
68. What it the root class for all Java classes ?
69. What is polymorphism ?
70. Suppose If we have variable ' I ' in run method, If I can create one or more thread each thread will occupy a separate copy or same variable will be shared ?
71. In servlets, we are having a web page that is invoking servlets username and password ? which is cheks in the database ? Suppose the second page also If we want to verify the same information whethe it will connect to the database or it will be used previous information?
72. What are virtual functions ?
73. Write down how will you create a binary Tree ?
74. What are the traverses in Binary Tree ?
75. Write a program for recursive Traverse ?
76. What are session variable in Servlets ?
77. What is client server computing ?
78. What is Constructor and Virtual function? Can we call Virtual funciton in a constructor ?
79. Why we use OOPS concepts? What is its advantage ?
80. What is the middleware ? What is the functionality of Webserver ?
81. Why Java is not 100 % pure OOPS ? ( EcomServer )
82. When we will use an Interface and Abstract class ?
83. What is an RMI?
84. How will you pass parameters in RMI ? Why u serialize?
85. What is the exact difference in between Unicast and Multicast object ? Where we will use ?
86. What is the main functionality of the Remote Reference Layer ?
87. How do you download stubs from a Remote place ?
88. What is the difference in between C++ and Java ? can u explain in detail ?
89. I want to store more than 10 objects in a remote server ? Which methodology will follow ?
90. What is the main functionality of the Prepared Statement ?
91. What is meant by static query and dynamic query ?
92. What are the Normalization Rules ? Define the Normalization ?
93. What is meant by Servelet? What are the parameters of the service method ?
94. What is meant by Session ? Tell me something about HTTPSession Class ?
95. How do you invoke a Servelt? What is the difference in between doPost and doGet methods ?
96. What is the difference in between the HTTPServlet and Generic Servlet ? Expalin their methods ? Tell me their parameter names also ?
97. Have you used threads in Servelet ?
98. Write a program on RMI and JDBC using StoredProcedure ?
99. How do you sing an Applet ?
100. In a Container there are 5 components. I want to display the all the components names, how will you do that one ?
101. Why there are some null interface in java ? What does it mean ? Give me some null interfaces in JAVA ?
102. Tell me the latest versions in JAVA related areas ?
103. What is meant by class loader ? How many types are there? When will we use them ?
104. How do you load an Image in a Servlet ?
105. What is meant by flickering ?
106. What is meant by distributed Application ? Why we are using that in our applications ?
107. What is the functionality of the stub ?
108. Have you used any version control ?
109. What is the latest version of JDBC ? What are the new features are added in that ?
110. Explain 2 tier and 3 -tier Architecture ?
111. What is the role of the webserver ?
112. How have you done validation of the fileds in your project ?
113. What is the main difficulties that you are faced in your project ?
114. What is meant by cookies ? Explain ?
115. Problem faced in your earlier project
116. How OOPS concept is achieved in Java
117. Features for using Java
118. How does Java 2.0 differ from Java 1.0
119. Public static void main – Explain
120. What are command line arguments
121. Explain about the three-tier model
122. Difference between String & StringBuffer
123. Wrapper class. Is String a Wrapper Class
124. What are the restriction for static method
125. Purpose of the file class
126. Default modifier in Interface
127. Difference between Interface & Abstract class
128. Can abstract be declared as Final
129. Can we declare variables inside a method as Final Variables
130. What is the package concept and use of package
131. How can a dead thread be started
132. Difference between Applet & Application
133. Life cycle of the Applet
134. Can Applet have constructors
135. Differeence between canvas class & graphics class
136. Explain about Superclass & subclass
137. Difference between TCP & UDP
138. What is AppletStub
139. Explain Stream Tokenizer
140. What is the difference between two types of threads
141. Checked & Unchecked exception
142. Use of throws exception
143. What is finally in exception handling
144. Vector class
145. What will happen to the Exception object after exception handling
146. Two types of multi-tasking
147. Two ways to create the thread
148. Synchronization
149. I/O Filter
150. How can you retrieve warnings in JDBC
151. Can applet in different page communicate with each other
152. Four driver Manager
153. Features of JDBC 20
154. Explain about stored procedures
155. Servlet Life cycle
156. Why do you go for servlet rather than CGI
157. How to generate skeleton & Stub classes
158. Explain lazy activation
159. Firewalls in RMI
* Q1. How could Java classes direct program messages to the system console, but error messages, say to a file?
A. The class System has a variable out that represents the standard output, and the variable err that represents the standard error device. By default, they both point at the system console. This how the standard output could be re-directed:
Stream st = new Stream(new FileOutputStream("output.txt")); System.setErr(st); System.setOut(st);
* Q2. What's the difference between an interface and an abstract class?
A. An abstract class may contain code in method bodies, which is not allowed in an interface. With abstract classes, you have to inherit your class from it and Java does not allow multiple inheritance. On the other hand, you can implement multiple interfaces in your class.
* Q3. Why would you use a synchronized block vs. synchronized method?
A. Synchronized blocks place locks for shorter periods than synchronized methods.
* Q4. Explain the usage of the keyword transient?
A. This keyword indicates that the value of this member variable does not have to be serialized with the object. When the class will be de-serialized, this variable will be initialized with a default value of its data type (i.e. zero for integers).
* Q5. How can you force garbage collection?
A. You can't force GC, but could request it by calling System.gc(). JVM does not guarantee that GC will be started immediately.
* Q6. How do you know if an explicit object casting is needed?
A. If you assign a superclass object to a variable of a subclass's data type, you need to do explicit casting. For example:
Object a; Customer b; b = (Customer) a;
When you assign a subclass to a variable having a supeclass type, the casting is performed automatically.
* Q7. What's the difference between the methods sleep() and wait()
A. The code sleep(1000); puts thread aside for exactly one second. The code wait(1000), causes a wait of up to one second. A thread could stop waiting earlier if it receives the notify() or notifyAll() call. The method wait() is defined in the class Object and the method sleep() is defined in the class Thread.
* Q8. Can you write a Java class that could be used both as an applet as well as an application?
A. Yes. Add a main() method to the applet.
* Q9. What's the difference between constructors and other methods?
A. Constructors must have the same name as the class and can not return a value. They are only called once while regular methods could be called many times.
* Q10. Can you call one constructor from another if a class has multiple constructors
A. Yes. Use this() syntax.
* Q11. Explain the usage of Java packages.
A. This is a way to organize files when a project consists of multiple modules. It also helps resolve naming conflicts when different packages have classes with the same names. Packages access level also allows you to protect data from being used by the non-authorized classes.
* Q12. If a class is located in a package, what do you need to change in the OS environment to be able to use it?
A. You need to add a directory or a jar file that contains the package directories to the CLASSPATH environment variable. Let's say a class Employee belongs to a package com.xyz.hr; and is located in the file c:\dev\com\xyz\hr\Employee.java. In this case, you'd need to add c:\dev to the variable CLASSPATH. If this class contains the method main(), you could test it from a command prompt window as follows:
c:\>java com.xyz.hr.Employee
* Q13. What's the difference between J2SDK 1.5 and J2SDK 5.0?
A.There's no difference, Sun Microsystems just re-branded this version.
* Q14. What would you use to compare two String variables - the operator == or the method equals()?
A. I'd use the method equals() to compare the values of the Strings and the == to check if two variables point at the same instance of a String object.
* Q15. Does it matter in what order catch statements for FileNotFoundException and IOExceptipon are written?
A. Yes, it does. The FileNoFoundException is inherited from the IOException. Exception's subclasses have to be caught first.
* Q16. Can an inner class declared inside of a method access local variables of this method?
A. It's possible if these variables are final.
* Q17. What can go wrong if you replace && with & in the following code:
String a=null; if (a!=null && a.length()>10) {...}
A. A single ampersand here would lead to a NullPointerException.
* Q18. What's the main difference between a Vector and an ArrayList
A. Java Vector class is internally synchronized and ArrayList is not.
* Q19. When should the method invokeLater()be used?
A. This method is used to ensure that Swing components are updated through the event-dispatching thread.
* Q20. How can a subclass call a method or a constructor defined in a superclass?
A. Use the following syntax: super.myMethod(); To call a constructor of the superclass, just write super(); in the first line of the subclass's constructor.
* Q21. What's the difference between a queue and a stack?
A. Stacks works by last-in-first-out rule (LIFO), while queues use the FIFO rule
** Q22. You can create an abstract class that contains only abstract methods. On the other hand, you can create an interface that declares the same methods. So can you use abstract classes instead of interfaces?
A. Sometimes. But your class may be a descendent of another class and in this case the interface is your only option.
** Q23. What comes to mind when you hear about a young generation in Java?
A. Garbage collection.
** Q24. What comes to mind when someone mentions a shallow copy in Java?
A. Object cloning.
** Q25. If you're overriding the method equals() of an object, which other method you might also consider?
A. hashCode()
** Q26. You are planning to do an indexed search in a list of objects. Which of the two Java collections should you use:
ArrayList or LinkedList?
A. ArrayList
** Q27. How would you make a copy of an entire Java object with its state?
A. Have this class implement Cloneable interface and call its method clone().
** Q28. How can you minimize the need of garbage collection and make the memory use more effective?
A. Use object pooling and weak object references.
** Q29. There are two classes: A and B. The class B need to inform a class A when some important event has happened. What Java technique would you use to implement it?
A. If these classes are threads I'd consider notify() or notifyAll(). For regular classes you can use the Observer interface.
** Q30. What access level do you need to specify in the class declaration to ensure that only classes from the same directory can access it?
Questions from allappslabs.com
Q:
What is the difference between an Interface and an Abstract class?
A: An Abstract class declares have at least one instance method that is declared abstract which will be implemented by the subclasses. An abstract class can have instance methods that implement a default behavior. An Interface can only declare constants and instance methods, but cannot implement default behavior.
Q:
What is the purpose of garbage collection in Java, and when is it used?
A: The purpose of garbage collection is to identify and discard objects that are no longer needed by a program so that their resources can be reclaimed and reused. A Java object is subject to garbage collection when it becomes unreachable to the program in which it is used.
Q:
Describe synchronization in respect to multithreading.
A: With respect to multithreading, synchronization is the capability to control the access of multiple threads to shared resources. Without synchonization, it is possible for one thread to modify a shared variable while another thread is in the process of using or updating same shared variable. This usually leads to significant errors.
Q:
Explain different way of using thread?
A: The thread could be implemented by using runnable interface or by inheriting from the Thread class. The former is more advantageous, 'cause when you are going for multiple inheritance..the only interface can help.
Q:
What are pass by reference and passby value?
A: Pass By Reference means the passing the address itself rather than passing the value. Passby Value means passing a copy of the value to be passed.
Q:
What is HashMap and Map?
A: Map is Interface and Hashmap is class that implements that.
Q:
Difference between HashMap and HashTable?
A: The HashMap class is roughly equivalent to Hashtable, except that it is unsynchronized and permits nulls. (HashMap allows null values as key and value whereas Hashtable doesnt allow). HashMap does not guarantee that the order of the map will remain constant over time. HashMap is non synchronized and Hashtable is synchronized.
Q:
Difference between Vector and ArrayList?
A: Vector is synchronized whereas arraylist is not.
Q:
Difference between Swing and Awt?
A: AWT are heavy-weight componenets. Swings are light-weight components. Hence swing works faster than AWT.
Q:
What is the difference between a constructor and a method?
A: A constructor is a member function of a class that is used to create objects of that class. It has the same name as the class itself, has no return type, and is invoked using the new operator.
A method is an ordinary member function of a class. It has its own name, a return type (which may be void), and is invoked using the dot operator.
Q:
What is an Iterators?
A: Some of the collection classes provide traversal of their contents via a java.util.Iterator interface. This interface allows you to walk a collection of objects, operating on each object in turn. Remember when using Iterators that they contain a snapshot of the collection at the time the Iterator was obtained; generally it is not advisable to modify the collection itself while traversing an Iterator.
Q:
State the significance of public, private, protected, default modifiers both singly and in combination and state the effect of package relationships on declared items qualified by these modifiers.
A: public : Public class is visible in other packages, field is visible everywhere (class must be public too)
private : Private variables or methods may be used only by an instance of the same class that declares the variable or method, A private feature may only be accessed by the class that owns the feature.
protected : Is available to all classes in the same package and also available to all subclasses of the class that owns the protected feature.This access is provided even to subclasses that reside in a different package from the class that owns the protected feature.
default :What you get by default ie, without any access modifier (ie, public private or protected).It means that it is visible to all within a particular package.
Q:
What is an abstract class?
A: Abstract class must be extended/subclassed (to be useful). It serves as a template. A class that is abstract may not be instantiated (ie, you may not call its constructor), abstract class may contain static data. Any class with an abstract method is automatically abstract itself, and must be declared as such.
A class may be declared abstract even if it has no abstract methods. This prevents it from being instantiated.
Q:
What is static in java?
A: Static means one per class, not one for each object no matter how many instance of a class might exist. This means that you can use them without creating an instance of a class.Static methods are implicitly final, because overriding is done based on the type of the object, and static methods are attached to a class, not an object. A static method in a superclass can be shadowed by another static method in a subclass, as long as the original method was not declared final. However, you can't override a static method with a nonstatic method. In other words, you can't change a static method into an instance method in a subclass.
Q:
What is final?
A: A final class can't be extended ie., final class may not be subclassed. A final method can't be overridden when its class is inherited. You can't change value of a final variable (is a constant).
Q:
What if the main method is declared as private?
A: The program compiles properly but at runtime it will give "Main method not public." message.
Q:
What if the static modifier is removed from the signature of the main method?
A: Program compiles. But at runtime throws an error "NoSuchMethodError".
Q:
What if I write static public void instead of public static void?
A: Program compiles and runs properly.
Q:
What if I do not provide the String array as the argument to the method?
A: Program compiles but throws a runtime error "NoSuchMethodError".
Q:
What is the first argument of the String array in main method?
A: The String array is empty. It does not have any element. This is unlike C/C++ where the first element by default is the program name.
Q:
If I do not provide any arguments on the command line, then the String array of Main method will be empty of null?
A: It is empty. But not null.
Q:
How can one prove that the array is not null but empty?
A: Print args.length. It will print 0. That means it is empty. But if it would have been null then it would have thrown a NullPointerException on attempting to print args.length.
Q:
What environment variables do I need to set on my machine in order to be able to run Java programs?
A: CLASSPATH and PATH are the two variables.
Q:
Can an application have multiple classes having main method?
A: Yes it is possible. While starting the application we mention the class name to be run. The JVM will look for the Main method only in the class whose name you have mentioned. Hence there is not conflict amongst the multiple classes having main method.
Q:
Can I have multiple main methods in the same class?
A: No the program fails to compile. The compiler says that the main method is already defined in the class.
Q:
Do I need to import java.lang package any time? Why ?
A: No. It is by default loaded internally by the JVM.
Q:
Can I import same package/class twice? Will the JVM load the package twice at runtime?
A: One can import the same package or same class multiple times. Neither compiler nor JVM complains abt it. And the JVM will internally load the class only once no matter how many times you import the same class.
Q:
What are Checked and UnChecked Exception?
A: A checked exception is some subclass of Exception (or Exception itself), excluding class RuntimeException and its subclasses.
Making an exception checked forces client programmers to deal with the possibility that the exception will be thrown. eg, IOException thrown by java.io.FileInputStream's read() method·
Unchecked exceptions are RuntimeException and any of its subclasses. Class Error and its subclasses also are unchecked. With an unchecked exception, however, the compiler doesn't force client programmers either to catch the
exception or declare it in a throws clause. In fact, client programmers may not even know that the exception could be thrown. eg, StringIndexOutOfBoundsException thrown by String's charAt() method· Checked exceptions must be caught at compile time. Runtime exceptions do not need to be. Errors often cannot be.
Q:
What is Overriding?
A: When a class defines a method using the same name, return type, and arguments as a method in its superclass, the method in the class overrides the method in the superclass.
When the method is invoked for an object of the class, it is the new definition of the method that is called, and not the method definition from superclass. Methods may be overridden to be more public, not more private.
Q:
What are different types of inner classes?
A: Nested -level classes, Member classes, Local classes, Anonymous classes
Nested -level classes- If you declare a class within a class and specify the static modifier, the compiler treats the class just like any other -level class.
Any class outside the declaring class accesses the nested class with the declaring class name acting similarly to a package. eg, outer.inner. -level inner classes implicitly have access only to static variables.There can also be inner interfaces. All of these are of the nested -level variety.
Member classes - Member inner classes are just like other member methods and member variables and access to the member class is restricted, just like methods and variables. This means a public member class acts similarly to a nested -level class. The primary difference between member classes and nested -level classes is that member classes have access to the specific instance of the enclosing class.
Local classes - Local classes are like local variables, specific to a block of code. Their visibility is only within the block of their declaration. In order for the class to be useful beyond the declaration block, it would need to implement a
more publicly available interface.Because local classes are not members, the modifiers public, protected, private, and static are not usable.
Anonymous classes - Anonymous inner classes extend local inner classes one level further. As anonymous classes have no name, you cannot provide a constructor.
Q:
Are the imports checked for validity at compile time? e.g. will the code containing an import such as java.lang.ABCD compile?
A: Yes the imports are checked for the semantic validity at compile time. The code containing above line of import will not compile. It will throw an error saying,can not resolve symbol
symbol : class ABCD
location: package io
import java.io.ABCD;
Q:
Does importing a package imports the subpackages as well? e.g. Does importing com.MyTest.* also import com.MyTest.UnitTests.*?
A: No you will have to import the subpackages explicitly. Importing com.MyTest.* will import classes in the package MyTest only. It will not import any class in any of it's subpackage.
Q:
What is the difference between declaring a variable and defining a variable?
A: In declaration we just mention the type of the variable and it's name. We do not initialize it. But defining means declaration + initialization.
e.g String s; is just a declaration while String s = new String ("abcd"); Or String s = "abcd"; are both definitions.
Q:
What is the default value of an object reference declared as an instance variable?
A: null unless we define it explicitly.
Q:
Can a level class be private or protected?
A: No. A level class can not be private or protected. It can have either "public" or no modifier. If it does not have a modifier it is supposed to have a default access.If a level class is declared as private the compiler will complain that the "modifier private is not allowed here". This means that a level class can not be private. Same is the case with protected.
Q:
What type of parameter passing does Java support?
A: In Java the arguments are always passed by value .
[ Update from Eki and Jyothish Venu]
Q:
Primitive data types are passed by reference or pass by value?
A: Primitive data types are passed by value.
Q:
Objects are passed by value or by reference?
A: Java only supports pass by value. With objects, the object reference itself is passed by value and so both the original reference and parameter copy both refer to the same object .
[ Update from Eki and Jyothish Venu]
Q:
What is serialization?
A: Serialization is a mechanism by which you can save the state of an object by converting it to a byte stream.
Q:
How do I serialize an object to a file?
A: The class whose instances are to be serialized should implement an interface Serializable. Then you pass the instance to the ObjectOutputStream which is connected to a fileoutputstream. This will save the object to a file.
Q:
Which methods of Serializable interface should I implement?
A: The serializable interface is an empty interface, it does not contain any methods. So we do not implement any methods.
Q:
How can I customize the seralization process? i.e. how can one have a control over the serialization process?
A: Yes it is possible to have control over serialization process. The class should implement Externalizable interface. This interface contains two methods namely readExternal and writeExternal. You should implement these methods and write the logic for customizing the serialization process.
Q:
What is the common usage of serialization?
A: Whenever an object is to be sent over the network, objects need to be serialized. Moreover if the state of an object is to be saved, objects need to be serilazed.
Q:
What is Externalizable interface?
A: Externalizable is an interface which contains two methods readExternal and writeExternal. These methods give you a control over the serialization mechanism. Thus if your class implements this interface, you can customize the serialization process by implementing these methods.
Q:
What happens to the object references included in the object?
A: The serialization mechanism generates an object graph for serialization. Thus it determines whether the included object references are serializable or not. This is a recursive process. Thus when an object is serialized, all the included objects are also serialized alongwith the original obect.
Q:
What one should take care of while serializing the object?
A: One should make sure that all the included objects are also serializable. If any of the objects is not serializable then it throws a NotSerializableException.
Q:
What happens to the static fields of a class during serialization? Are these fields serialized as a part of each serialized object?
A: Yes the static fields do get serialized. If the static field is an object then it must have implemented Serializable interface. The static fields are serialized as a part of every object. But the commonness of the static fields across all the instances is maintained even after serialization.
Q:
Does Java provide any construct to find out the size of an object?
A: No there is not sizeof operator in Java. So there is not direct way to determine the size of an object directly in Java.
Q:
Does importing a package imports the subpackages as well? e.g. Does importing com.MyTest.* also import com.MyTest.UnitTests.*?
A: Read the system time just before the method is invoked and immediately after method returns. Take the time difference, which will give you the time taken by a method for execution.
To put it in code...
long start = System.currentTimeMillis ();
method ();
long end = System.currentTimeMillis ();
System.out.println ("Time taken for execution is " + (end - start));
Remember that if the time taken for execution is too small, it might show that it is taking zero milliseconds for execution. Try it on a method which is big enough, in the sense the one which is doing considerable amout of processing.
Q:
What are wrapper classes?
A: Java provides specialized classes corresponding to each of the primitive data types. These are called wrapper classes. They are e.g. Integer, Character, Double etc.
Q:
Why do we need wrapper classes?
A: It is sometimes easier to deal with primitives as objects. Moreover most of the collection classes store objects and not primitive data types. And also the wrapper classes provide many utility methods also. Because of these resons we need wrapper classes. And since we create instances of these classes we can store them in any of the collection classes and pass them around as a collection. Also we can pass them around as method parameters where a method expects an object.
Q:
What are checked exceptions?
A: Checked exception are those which the Java compiler forces you to catch. e.g. IOException are checked Exceptions.
Q:
What are runtime exceptions?
A: Runtime exceptions are those exceptions that are thrown at runtime because of either wrong input data or because of wrong business logic etc. These are not checked by the compiler at compile time.
Q:
What is the difference between error and an exception?
A: An error is an irrecoverable condition occurring at runtime. Such as OutOfMemory error. These JVM errors and you can not repair them at runtime. While exceptions are conditions that occur because of bad input etc. e.g. FileNotFoundException will be thrown if the specified file does not exist. Or a NullPointerException will take place if you try using a null reference. In most of the cases it is possible to recover from an exception (probably by giving user a feedback for entering proper values etc.).
Q:
How to create custom exceptions?
A: Your class should extend class Exception, or some more specific type thereof.
Q:
If I want an object of my class to be thrown as an exception object, what should I do?
A: The class should extend from Exception class. Or you can extend your class from some more precise exception type also.
Q:
If my class already extends from some other class what should I do if I want an instance of my class to be thrown as an exception object?
A: One can not do anytihng in this scenarion. Because Java does not allow multiple inheritance and does not provide any exception interface as well.
Q:
What happens to an unhandled exception?
A: One can not do anytihng in this scenarion. Because Java does not allow multiple inheritance and does not provide any exception interface as well.
Q:
How does an exception permeate through the code?
A: An unhandled exception moves up the method stack in search of a matching When an exception is thrown from a code which is wrapped in a try block followed by one or more catch blocks, a search is made for matching catch block. If a matching type is found then that block will be invoked. If a matching type is not found then the exception moves up the method stack and reaches the caller method. Same procedure is repeated if the caller method is included in a try catch block. This process continues until a catch block handling the appropriate type of exception is found. If it does not find such a block then finally the program terminates.
Q:
What are the different ways to handle exceptions?
A: There are two ways to handle exceptions,
1. By wrapping the desired code in a try block followed by a catch block to catch the exceptions. and
2. List the desired exceptions in the throws clause of the method and let the caller of the method hadle those exceptions.
Q:
Q: What is the basic difference between the 2 approaches to exception handling...1> try catch block and 2> specifying the candidate exceptions in the throws clause?
When should you use which approach?
A: In the first approach as a programmer of the method, you urself are dealing with the exception. This is fine if you are in a best position to decide should be done in case of an exception. Whereas if it is not the responsibility of the method to deal with it's own exceptions, then do not use this approach. In this case use the second approach. In the second approach we are forcing the caller of the method to catch the exceptions, that the method is likely to throw. This is often the approach library creators use. They list the exception in the throws clause and we must catch them. You will find the same approach throughout the java libraries we use.
Q:
Is it necessary that each try block must be followed by a catch block?
A: It is not necessary that each try block must be followed by a catch block. It should be followed by either a catch block OR a finally block. And whatever exceptions are likely to be thrown should be declared in the throws clause of the method.
Q:
If I write return at the end of the try block, will the finally block still execute?
A: Yes even if you write return as the last statement in the try block and no exception occurs, the finally block will execute. The finally block will execute and then the control return.
Q:
If I write System.exit (0); at the end of the try block, will the finally block still execute?
A: No in this case the finally block will not execute because when you say System.exit (0); the control immediately goes out of the program, and thus finally never executes.
Q:
How are Observer and Observable used?
A: Objects that subclass the Observable class maintain a list of observers. When an Observable object is updated it invokes the update() method of each of its observers to notify the observers that it has changed state. The Observer interface is implemented by objects that observe Observable objects.
Q:
What is synchronization and why is it important?
A: With respect to multithreading, synchronization is the capability to control
the access of multiple threads to shared resources. Without synchronization, it is possible for one thread to modify a shared object while another thread is in the process of using or updating that object's value. This often leads to significant errors.
Q:
How does Java handle integer overflows and underflows?
A: It uses those low order bytes of the result that can fit into the size of the type allowed by the operation.
Q:
Does garbage collection guarantee that a program will not run out of memory?
A: Garbage collection does not guarantee that a program will not run out of memory. It is possible for programs to use up memory resources faster than they are garbage collected. It is also possible for programs to create objects that are not subject to garbage collection
Q:
What is the difference between preemptive scheduling and time slicing?
A: Under preemptive scheduling, the highest priority task executes until it enters the waiting or dead states or a higher priority task comes into existence. Under time slicing, a task executes for a predefined slice of time and then reenters the pool of ready tasks. The scheduler then determines which task should execute next, based on priority and other factors.
Q:
When a thread is created and started, what is its initial state?
A: A thread is in the ready state after it has been created and started.
[ Received from Venkateswara Manam]
Q:
What is the purpose of finalization?
A: The purpose of finalization is to give an unreachable object the opportunity to perform any cleanup processing before the object is garbage collected.
Q:
What is the Locale class?
A: The Locale class is used to tailor program output to the conventions of a particular geographic, political, or cultural region.
Q:
What is the difference between a while statement and a do statement?
A: A while statement checks at the beginning of a loop to see whether the next loop iteration should occur. A do statement checks at the end of a loop to see whether the next iteration of a loop should occur. The do statement will always execute the body of a loop at least once.
Q:
What is the difference between static and non-static variables?
A: A static variable is associated with the class as a whole rather than with specific instances of a class. Non-static variables take on unique values with each object instance.
Q:
How are this() and super() used with constructors?
A: Othis() is used to invoke a constructor of the same class. super() is used to invoke a superclass constructor.
Q:
What are synchronized methods and synchronized statements?
A: Synchronized methods are methods that are used to control access to an object. A thread only executes a synchronized method after it has acquired the lock for the method's object or class. Synchronized statements are similar to synchronized methods. A synchronized statement can only be executed after a thread has acquired the lock for the object or class referenced in the synchronized statement.
Q:
What is daemon thread and which method is used to create the daemon thread?
A: Daemon thread is a low priority thread which runs intermittently in the back ground doing the garbage collection operation for the java runtime system. setDaemon method is used to create a daemon thread.
Q:
Can applets communicate with each other?
A: At this point in time applets may communicate with other applets running in the same virtual machine. If the applets are of the same class, they can communicate via shared static variables. If the applets are of different classes, then each will need a reference to the same class with static variables. In any case the basic idea is to pass the information back and forth through a static variable.
An applet can also get references to all other applets on the same page using the getApplets() method of java.applet.AppletContext. Once you\'ve got a reference to an applet, you can communicate with it by using its public members.
It is conceivable to have applets in different virtual machines that talk to a server somewhere on the Internet and store any data that needs to be serialized there. Then, when another applet needs this data, it could connect to this same server. Implementing this is non-trivial.
Q:
What are the steps in the JDBC connection?
A: While making a JDBC connection we go through the following steps :
Step 1 : Register the database driver by using :
Class.forName(\" driver classs for that specific database\" );
Step 2 : Now create a database connection using :
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url,username,password);
Step 3: Now Create a query using :
Statement stmt = Connection.Statement(\"select * from TABLE NAME\");
Step 4 : Exceute the query :
stmt.exceuteUpdate();
[ Received from Shri Prakash Kunwar]
Q:
How does a try statement determine which catch clause should be used to handle an exception?
A:
When an exception is thrown within the body of a try statement, the catch clauses of the try statement are examined in the order in which they appear. The first catch clause that is capable of handling the exceptionis executed. The remaining catch clauses are ignored.
Q:
Can an unreachable object become reachable again?
A: An unreachable object may become reachable again. This can happen when the object's finalize() method is invoked and the object performs an operation which causes it to become accessible to reachable objects.
Q:
What method must be implemented by all threads?
A: All tasks must implement the run() method, whether they are a subclass of Thread or implement the Runnable interface.
Q:
What are synchronized methods and synchronized statements?
A: Synchronized methods are methods that are used to control access to an object. A thread only executes a synchronized method after it has acquired the lock for the method's object or class. Synchronized statements are similar to synchronized methods. A synchronized statement can only be executed after a thread has acquired the lock for the object or class referenced in the synchronized statement.
Q:
What is Externalizable?
A: Externalizable is an Interface that extends Serializable Interface. And sends data into Streams in Compressed Format. It has two methods, writeExternal(ObjectOuput out) and readExternal(ObjectInput in)
Q:
What modifiers are allowed for methods in an Interface?
A: Only public and abstract modifiers are allowed for methods in interfaces.
Q:
What are some alternatives to inheritance?
A: Delegation is an alternative to inheritance. Delegation means that you include an instance of another class as an instance variable, and forward messages to the instance. It is often safer than inheritance because it forces you to think about each message you forward, because the instance is of a known class, rather than a new class, and because it doesn't force you to accept all the methods of the super class: you can provide only the methods that really make sense. On the other hand, it makes you write more code, and it is harder to re-use (because it is not a subclass).
Q:
What does it mean that a method or field is "static"?
A: Static variables and methods are instantiated only once per class. In other words they are class variables, not instance variables. If you change the value of a static variable in a particular object, the value of that variable changes for all instances of that class.
Static methods can be referenced with the name of the class rather than the name of a particular object of the class (though that works too). That's how library methods like System.out.println() work out is a static field in the java.lang.System class.
Q:
What is the difference between preemptive scheduling and time slicing?
A: Under preemptive scheduling, the highest priority task executes until it enters the waiting or dead states or a higher priority task comes into existence. Under time slicing, a task executes for a predefined slice of time and then reenters the pool of ready tasks. The scheduler then determines which task should execute next, based on priority and other factors.
Q:
What is the catch or declare rule for method declarations?
A: If a checked exception may be thrown within the body of a method, the method must either catch the exception or declare it in its throws clause.
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